Kombiniertes Säulen-Linien-Diagramm

Ein etwas aufwendigeres Verfahren anhand eines Klimadiagramms:

# get some data
d.temp <- data.frame(
  month=c("Jan","Feb", "Mrz", "Apr", "Mai", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Okt", "Nov", "Dez")
  ,nieder_96=c(9, 50, 41, 49, 141, 99, 161, 119, 52, 115, 123, 70)
  ,nieder_mittel=c(67, 65, 67, 85, 103, 135, 136, 130, 101, 81, 74, 76)
  ,temp_96=c(-1.9, -2.1, 3.8, 9.3, 11.8, 17.1, 17.3, 16.8, 10.2, 9.8, 5.4, 0.5)
  ,temp_mittel=c(-1, 0, 4.5, 7.3, 11.9, 15, 16.5, 15.5, 13.9, 8.1, 3.7, 0.2)
)

# define a few colors
hellblau <- rgb(red=204,green=255,blue=255, max=255)
dunkelblau <- rgb(red=51,green=204,blue=204, max=255)
dunkelgrau <- rgb(red=128,green=128,blue=128, max=255)
mittelgrau <- rgb(red=192,green=192,blue=192, max=255)
hellgrau <- rgb(red=227,green=227,blue=227, max=255)

# set the parameters
windows(width=7.2, height=5.5)
par(mar=c(5.1,4.1,7.1,16.1)) # set margins, default: c( 5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 2.1 )
par(bg=mittelgrau) # background color

# start plotting, we use barplot as basis
b <- barplot( t(d.temp[,c("nieder_mittel","nieder_96")])
  , col=c(dunkelgrau, hellblau)
  , beside=TRUE , xlab="Monate", cex.lab=0.8, mgp=c(2.2,0.7,0)
  , space=rep( c(0.3,-0.5), 12) # bars should overlap 50%
  , ylim=c(0,500), yaxt="n"
  , panel.first = {
      par(xpd=FALSE) # barplot paints over the whole figure region by default
      usr <- par("usr") # set background color lightgrey
      rect(xleft=usr[1], ybottom=usr[3], xright=usr[2], ytop=usr[4], col=hellgrau)
     grid(nx=NA, ny=10, col="white", lty="solid") # horiz grid only
     box()
     }
)

# find the centers of the bars and the gaps
barx <- apply(b, 2, FUN=mean)
run.mean <- filter( barx, filter=c(0.5,0.5))[-length(barx)]
gapx <- c(run.mean[1]-diff(barx)[1], run.mean, run.mean+diff(barx) )


# draw the vertikal gridlines
abline(v=gapx, col="white" )
box()

# design x-axis
axis(side=1, at=apply(b,2,FUN=mean), labels=d.temp$month, cex.axis=0.7
  , las=2, tck=-0.025  # no tickmarks for the x-axis
  , mgp=c(2.2,0.7,0) ) # decrease distance label to axis

# left y-axis
axis(side=2, at=seq(0,500,50), las=2, cex.axis=0.7)
rug( seq(0,500,10), side=2, ticksize=-0.01)
rug( seq(0,500,50), side=2, ticksize= 0.01)

# plot lines
par(new=TRUE)
matplot( x=barx, y=d.temp[,c("temp_96","temp_mittel")], col=c(dunkelblau,"grey60")
  , lwd=2, lty="solid", type="l", xaxt="n", yaxt="n", xlab="", ylab=""
  , xlim=par("usr")[1:2] # use the current xlim
  , ylim=c(-25, 25), xaxs="i", yaxs="i")

# design right axis
axis(side=4, labels=seq(-25,25,5), at=seq(-25,25,5), las=2, cex.axis=0.7)
rug( seq(-25,25,1), side=4, ticksize=-0.01)
rug( seq(-25,25,5), side=4, ticksize=0.01)

# write titles
mtext(text=c("Lufttemperatur [°C]","Niederschlag [mm]"), side=3, at=c(25,-3.2), adj=c(1,0)
  , las=1, line=1, cex=0.8 )
mtext(text="Klimadiagramm Zürich-SMA\n556 m. ü. M.", cex=1.2, font=2, side=3, line=3)

# plot legend
legend( x=30, y=27, xpd=TRUE
  , legend=c("Niederschlag 1996", "Niederschlag:\nlangjähriges Mittel", "Temperatur 1996", "Temperatur:\nlangjähriges Mittel" )
  , cex=0.7, bty="n", col=c(hellblau, dunkelgrau, dunkelblau, "black")
  , y.intersp=2.5, pt.cex=1.2, pch=c(15,15,45,45))

mtext("© Statistisches Amt des Kantons Zürich", side=1, line=3.5, at=-4, cex=0.7, las=1, adj=0)
mtext("Quelle: Schweizerische Meteorologische Anstalt (SMA)", side=1, line=3.5, at=41, cex=0.7, las=1, adj=1)